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  • Start here
    • AWELU contents
    • Student writing resources
      • Writing at university
      • Different kinds of student texts
      • Understanding instructions and stylesheets
      • Understanding essay/exam questions
      • Peer review
        • Peer review instructions
      • Dealing with feedback
      • Checklist for writers
    • Research writing resources
    • Administrative writing resources
    • LU language policy
  • Genres
    • Introduction
    • The Nature of Academic Writing
      • What characterises academic writing?
      • The heterogeneity of academic writing
    • Student writing genres
      • The essay format
        • Three-part essays
        • IMRaD essays
      • Response paper
        • How to get started on your response paper
      • Student literature review
      • Annotated bibliography
    • Writing in Academic Genres
      • Research Articles (RAs)
        • Three versions of the RA
        • Examples of specificity within disciplines
      • Textbooks
      • Abstracts
      • Reviews (review articles and book reviews)
      • PhD Theses
      • Popular science writing
      • Research posters
      • Grant proposals
    • Writing for Publication
    • Writing for Administrative Purposes
      • Writing emails
        • Salutations
        • Structuring your email
        • Direct and indirect approaches
        • Useful email phrases
        • Language tips for email writers
      • Writing memos
      • Writing minutes and agendas
        • Meeting terminology
  • Writing
    • The writing process
    • Pre-writing stage
      • Identifying your audience
      • Using invention techniques
      • Developing reading strategies
      • Taking notes
      • Identifying language resources
      • Choosing a writing tool
    • Writing stage
      • Structuring the text
        • Framing the text: Title and reference list
        • Structure of the whole text
        • Structuring the argument
        • Structure of introductions
        • Structure within sections of the text
        • Structure within paragraphs
        • Signposting the structure
      • Using sources
    • Rewriting stage
      • What needs to be revised?
      • How to revise
  • Language
    • Introduction
    • Common problems and how to avoid them
      • Many or much? On the use of quantifiers
        • Many vs. much
        • Other quantifiers
        • Quantifiers in a table
        • Miscellaneous quantifiers
      • Adjectives and adverbs
      • Capitalisation
      • Sentence fragment
      • Run-on sentences
      • What or which?
      • Subject-Verb agreement
        • Singular noun phrases connected by "or"
        • Singular noun phrases connected by "either/or"
        • Connected singular and plural noun phrases
        • Noun phrases conjoined by "and"
        • Subjects containing "along with", "as well as", and "besides"
        • Indefinite pronouns and agreement
        • Sums of money and periods of time
        • Words that indicate portions
        • Uncountable nouns
        • Dependent clauses and agreement
        • Agreement with the right noun phrase
        • Some important exceptions and words of advice
      • Atypical nouns
    • Selective mini grammar
      • The major word classes
      • The morphology of the major word classes
      • Words and phrases
      • Noun phrases
        • Elements in the noun phrase
        • Classes of nouns
        • Determiners
      • Verb phrases
        • Elements in the verb phrase
        • Classes of main verbs
        • Auxiliary verbs
        • Primary auxiliary verbs
        • Modal auxiliary verbs
        • Meanings of modal auxiliaries
        • Marginal auxiliary verbs
        • Time and tense
        • Simple and progressive forms
        • The perfect
        • Active and passive voice
      • Adjective phrases
      • Adverb phrases
      • Pronouns
        • Personal pronouns
        • Dummy pronouns
        • Possessive pronouns
        • Interrogative pronouns
        • Indefinite pronouns
        • Quantifiers
      • Prepositions and prepositional phrases
      • Clauses and their parts
        • More on adverbials
      • Subjects and predicate verbs
        • The order of subjects and verbs
        • Subject-Verb agreement
    • Coherence
    • Punctuation
      • Comma
      • Semicolon
      • Colon
      • Apostrophe
      • Hyphen and dash
      • Brackets
    • Spelling
      • English spelling rules
      • Commonly confused words
      • Differences between British and American spelling
    • Focus on vocabulary
      • Vocabulary awareness
      • Useful words and phrases
      • Using abbreviations
    • Register and style
      • Register types
      • Formal vs. informal
      • DOs & DON'Ts
    • Dictionaries
      • General information on dictionary use
      • Online dictionary resources
    • Corpora - resources for writer autonomy
      • What is a corpus?
      • Examples of the usefulness of a corpus
      • Using the World Wide Web as a corpus
      • Online corpus resources
    • References
  • Referencing
    • Introduction
    • Different kinds of sources
    • The functions of references
    • How to give references
      • Quoting
      • Paraphrasing
      • Summarising
    • Reference accuracy
    • Reference management tools
    • Using a reference style
      • Different kinds of reference styles
      • Style format
      • Elements of the reference list
    • Quick guides to reference styles
      • APA
      • Documentary note style
      • Harvard
      • MLA
      • Vancouver
    • Writing acknowledgements
  • Academic integrity
    • What is academic integrity?
    • Academic integrity and writing
    • Academic integrity at LU
    • Plagiarism
      • Different kinds of plagiarism
      • Avoiding plagiarism
  • LU glossary
    • Introduction
    • English-Swedish LU Glossary
    • Svensk-engelsk LU-ordlista
  • About Awelu
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  • English
  • Academic Writing in English
    The joint faculties of humanities and theology
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    • Start here
      AWELU contentsStudent writing resourcesResearch writing resourcesAdministrative writing resourcesLU language policy
    • Genres
      IntroductionThe Nature of Academic WritingStudent writing genresWriting in Academic GenresWriting for PublicationWriting for Administrative Purposes
    • Writing
      The writing processPre-writing stageWriting stageRewriting stage
    • Language
      IntroductionCommon problems and how to avoid themSelective mini grammarCoherencePunctuationSpellingFocus on vocabularyRegister and styleDictionariesCorpora - resources for writer autonomyReferences
    • Referencing
      IntroductionDifferent kinds of sourcesThe functions of referencesHow to give referencesReference accuracyReference management toolsUsing a reference styleQuick guides to reference stylesWriting acknowledgements
    • Academic integrity
      What is academic integrity?Academic integrity and writingAcademic integrity at LUPlagiarism
    • LU glossary
      IntroductionEnglish-Swedish LU GlossarySvensk-engelsk LU-ordlista
    • Start here
      • AWELU contents
      • Student writing resources
        • Writing at university
        • Different kinds of student texts
        • Understanding instructions and stylesheets
        • Understanding essay/exam questions
        • Peer review
          • Peer review instructions
        • Dealing with feedback
        • Checklist for writers
      • Research writing resources
      • Administrative writing resources
      • LU language policy
    • Genres
      • Introduction
      • The Nature of Academic Writing
        • What characterises academic writing?
        • The heterogeneity of academic writing
      • Student writing genres
        • The essay format
          • Three-part essays
          • IMRaD essays
        • Response paper
          • How to get started on your response paper
        • Student literature review
        • Annotated bibliography
      • Writing in Academic Genres
        • Research Articles (RAs)
          • Three versions of the RA
          • Examples of specificity within disciplines
        • Textbooks
        • Abstracts
        • Reviews (review articles and book reviews)
        • PhD Theses
        • Popular science writing
        • Research posters
        • Grant proposals
      • Writing for Publication
      • Writing for Administrative Purposes
        • Writing emails
          • Salutations
          • Structuring your email
          • Direct and indirect approaches
          • Useful email phrases
          • Language tips for email writers
        • Writing memos
        • Writing minutes and agendas
          • Meeting terminology
    • Writing
      • The writing process
      • Pre-writing stage
        • Identifying your audience
        • Using invention techniques
        • Developing reading strategies
        • Taking notes
        • Identifying language resources
        • Choosing a writing tool
      • Writing stage
        • Structuring the text
          • Framing the text: Title and reference list
          • Structure of the whole text
          • Structuring the argument
          • Structure of introductions
          • Structure within sections of the text
          • Structure within paragraphs
          • Signposting the structure
        • Using sources
      • Rewriting stage
        • What needs to be revised?
        • How to revise
    • Language
      • Introduction
      • Common problems and how to avoid them
        • Many or much? On the use of quantifiers
          • Many vs. much
          • Other quantifiers
          • Quantifiers in a table
          • Miscellaneous quantifiers
        • Adjectives and adverbs
        • Capitalisation
        • Sentence fragment
        • Run-on sentences
        • What or which?
        • Subject-Verb agreement
          • Singular noun phrases connected by "or"
          • Singular noun phrases connected by "either/or"
          • Connected singular and plural noun phrases
          • Noun phrases conjoined by "and"
          • Subjects containing "along with", "as well as", and "besides"
          • Indefinite pronouns and agreement
          • Sums of money and periods of time
          • Words that indicate portions
          • Uncountable nouns
          • Dependent clauses and agreement
          • Agreement with the right noun phrase
          • Some important exceptions and words of advice
        • Atypical nouns
      • Selective mini grammar
        • The major word classes
        • The morphology of the major word classes
        • Words and phrases
        • Noun phrases
          • Elements in the noun phrase
          • Classes of nouns
          • Determiners
        • Verb phrases
          • Elements in the verb phrase
          • Classes of main verbs
          • Auxiliary verbs
          • Primary auxiliary verbs
          • Modal auxiliary verbs
          • Meanings of modal auxiliaries
          • Marginal auxiliary verbs
          • Time and tense
          • Simple and progressive forms
          • The perfect
          • Active and passive voice
        • Adjective phrases
        • Adverb phrases
        • Pronouns
          • Personal pronouns
          • Dummy pronouns
          • Possessive pronouns
          • Interrogative pronouns
          • Indefinite pronouns
          • Quantifiers
        • Prepositions and prepositional phrases
        • Clauses and their parts
          • More on adverbials
        • Subjects and predicate verbs
          • The order of subjects and verbs
          • Subject-Verb agreement
      • Coherence
      • Punctuation
        • Comma
        • Semicolon
        • Colon
        • Apostrophe
        • Hyphen and dash
        • Brackets
      • Spelling
        • English spelling rules
        • Commonly confused words
        • Differences between British and American spelling
      • Focus on vocabulary
        • Vocabulary awareness
        • Useful words and phrases
        • Using abbreviations
      • Register and style
        • Register types
        • Formal vs. informal
        • DOs & DON'Ts
      • Dictionaries
        • General information on dictionary use
        • Online dictionary resources
      • Corpora - resources for writer autonomy
        • What is a corpus?
        • Examples of the usefulness of a corpus
        • Using the World Wide Web as a corpus
        • Online corpus resources
      • References
    • Referencing
      • Introduction
      • Different kinds of sources
      • The functions of references
      • How to give references
        • Quoting
        • Paraphrasing
        • Summarising
      • Reference accuracy
      • Reference management tools
      • Using a reference style
        • Different kinds of reference styles
        • Style format
        • Elements of the reference list
      • Quick guides to reference styles
        • APA
        • Documentary note style
        • Harvard
        • MLA
        • Vancouver
      • Writing acknowledgements
    • Academic integrity
      • What is academic integrity?
      • Academic integrity and writing
      • Academic integrity at LU
      • Plagiarism
        • Different kinds of plagiarism
        • Avoiding plagiarism
    • LU glossary
      • Introduction
      • English-Swedish LU Glossary
      • Svensk-engelsk LU-ordlista
    Start here
    Genres
    Writing
    Language
    Referencing
    Academic integrity
    LU glossary
    More
    1. Start
    2. Genres
    3. Student writing genres
    4. The essay format
    5. IMRaD essays
    • Introduction
    • The Nature of Academic Writing
      • What characterises academic writing?
      • The heterogeneity of academic writing
    • Student writing genres
      • The essay format
        • Three-part essays
        • IMRaD essays
      • Response paper
        • How to get started on your response paper
      • Student literature review
      • Annotated bibliography
    • Writing in Academic Genres
      • Research Articles (RAs)
        • Three versions of the RA
        • Examples of specificity within disciplines
      • Textbooks
      • Abstracts
      • Reviews (review articles and book reviews)
      • PhD Theses
      • Popular science writing
      • Research posters
      • Grant proposals
    • Writing for Publication
    • Writing for Administrative Purposes
      • Writing emails
        • Salutations
        • Structuring your email
        • Direct and indirect approaches
        • Useful email phrases
        • Language tips for email writers
      • Writing memos
      • Writing minutes and agendas
        • Meeting terminology

    IMRaD essays

    ***This page is undergoing revision ***

    • Three versions of the RA
    Page Manager: aweluluse | 2022-02-18
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